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Development anthropology refers to the application of anthropological perspectives to the multidisciplinary branch of development studies. It takes international development and international aid as primary objects. In this branch of anthropology, the term ''development'' refers to the social action made by different agents (e.g. institutions, businesses, states, or independent volunteers) who are trying to modify the economic, technical, political, or/and social life of a given place in the world, especially in impoverished, formerly colonized regions. Development anthropologists share a commitment to simultaneously critique and contribute to projects and institutions that create and administer Western projects that seek to improve the economic well-being of the most marginalized, and to eliminate poverty. While some theorists distinguish between the anthropology of development (in which development is the object of study) and development anthropology (as an applied practice), this distinction is increasingly thought of as obsolete.〔Arturo Escobar, 1995, ''Encountering Development, the making and unmaking of the Third World'', Princeton: Princeton University Press.〕 With researches on the field, the anthropologist can describe, analyze, and understand the different actions of development that took and take place in a given place. The various impacts on the local population, environment, society, and economy are to be examined. ==History== In 1971, Glynn Cochrane proposed development anthropology as a new field for practitioners interested in a career outside academia.〔Glynn Cochrane, ''Development Anthropology'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).〕〔Glynn Cochrane, (ed.) ''What can we do for each other, An Interdisciplinary Approach to Development Anthropology'', (Amsterdam: Grüner, 1976).〕 Given the growing complexity of development assistance, Cochrane suggested that graduates needed to prepare themselves to work in interdisciplinary settings.〔Glynn Cochrane, "Policy Studies and Anthropology", in ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 21, No., 4, August, 1980.〕 In 1973, Cochrane was invited by the World Bank to make recommendations for the use of anthropology, and his report〔Glynn Cochrane, ''The Use of Anthropology in Project Operations of the World Bank Group'', (World Bank/IMF, 1974).〕 (which stressed the need for the systematic treatment of social issues) laid a foundation for future use of the discipline in the World Bank Group.〔Robert Goodlund, ''Social and Environmental Assessment to Promote Sustainability, an Informal View from the World Bank'', (Glasgow: International Association for Impact Assessment, 1999)〕 Around ninety anthropologists are now employed by the World Bank Group in various roles. In 1974, Bob Berg—of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)—and Cochrane worked together, and, as a result, USAID introduced "social soundness analysis" as a project preparation requirement. This innovation led to the employment of more than seventy anthropologists.〔Alan Hoben, "Anthropologists and Development", in ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', Vol. 11: 349-375 (Volume publication date October 1982).〕〔Glynn Cochrane, ''The Cultural Appraisal of Development Projects'', (New York: Praeger, 1979).〕 Social soundness analysis has now been in USAID use for over forty years. USAID ran an in-house development studies course in the 1970s, through which several hundred field personnel eventually passed. In addition to anthropology, the course covered development economics, regional and national planning, and institution building. In the late 1970s, Thayer Scudder, Michael Horowitz, and David Brokensha established an Institute for Development Anthropology at the State University of New York at Binghamton. This institute has played an influential role in the continuing expansion of this branch of the discipline. By the 1980s and 1990s, development anthropology began to be more widely used in the private sector.〔Glynn Cochrane, ''Festival Elephants and the Myth of Global Poverty'', (New York: Pearson, 2008).〕 Corporate social responsibility and issues ranging from resettlement and human rights to micro-enterprise are now routinely addressed by systematic social assessment as an integral part of investment appraisal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Development anthropology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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